Sensorineural Hearing Loss: The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)

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DrNur Ozyilmaz, MD
Founder · NUMA

Important patient message

Sudden hearing loss should be assessed urgently. Do not assume it is ear wax, a blocked ear, or something that will simply clear by itself. This article is for patient education and should not delay urgent audiology or ENT-led medical assessment.

Key Takeaways

An image showing person with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  • Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is urgent. It is commonly defined as unexplained sensorineural hearing loss of at least 30 dB across three consecutive audiometric frequencies within 72 hours 1 2.
  • Symptoms can feel deceptively simple. Patients may notice sudden one-sided hearing loss, a blocked-ear sensation, tinnitus, dizziness or vertigo 1 2.
  • HBOT is time-sensitive. The 2019 The American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) guideline states that clinicians may offer HBOT combined with steroid therapy within two weeks of onset as initial therapy, and within one month as salvage therapy 1.
  • The strongest evidence supports HBOT as an adjunct. It is best presented as an addition to steroid-based medical care where clinically appropriate, not as a guaranteed cure or routine replacement for steroids 1 3 4 5 6 7.
  • Early referral matters. Several studies associate earlier HBOT with better recovery, while delays are associated with less consistent improvement 5 8 9 10.
  • Review response, do not simply continue automatically. A repeat audiogram around 10 HBOT sessions can help guide whether further sessions are justified 11.

Quick Summary

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) should be treated as urgent. It is commonly defined as an unexplained sensorineural hearing loss of at least 30 dB across three consecutive audiometric frequencies within 72 hours. Some patients notice it on waking, while others describe a blocked ear, tinnitus, dizziness, vertigo, or a sudden drop in hearing on one side 1 2.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is one of the treatment options discussed in modern SSNHL care. The evidence is strongest when HBOT is used early, combined with steroid-based medical therapy where clinically appropriate, and delivered within a defined treatment window 1 3 4 5.

The key message is simple: HBOT should not be treated as a last resort months after onset. It is a time-sensitive adjunctive option. It may be considered early alongside steroids, or as salvage treatment when recovery is incomplete, provided the patient is still within the evidence-supported window 1.

Care Strategy at a Glance

  1. Same day: seek urgent assessment for sudden hearing loss. An audiogram and clinician-led assessment help confirm sudden sensorineural hearing loss and exclude conductive causes such as wax, fluid, or middle-ear disease 1.
  2. First two weeks: discuss steroid-based treatment where clinically appropriate, and consider HBOT early, preferably within the first few days (ideally within 72 hours), as an adjunctive option for suitable patients 1 3 4. During HBOT, repeat audiometry, commonly around session 10, can help determine whether continuing toward 15 to 20 sessions is justified based on response, severity, timing, and clinical judgement 10 11.
  3. Within one month: if recovery is incomplete, HBOT combined with steroid therapy may be considered as salvage treatment while the evidence-supported window remains open 1 5 12.
  4. Early follow-up period: if recovery remains incomplete, intratympanic steroid salvage therapy may be offered or arranged following specialist ENT assessment and established clinical practice 1.

Sudden Hearing Loss Is Urgent

SSNHL is time-sensitive because the chance of recovery is influenced by factors such as baseline hearing severity, treatment timing, age, and associated symptoms such as vertigo or tinnitus 4 8 9. For patients, the most important practical point is that sudden hearing loss should be assessed urgently rather than watched for weeks.

The 2019 AAO-HNSF guideline states that clinicians may offer corticosteroids as initial therapy within two weeks of symptom onset. The same guideline states that clinicians may offer, or refer to a clinician who can offer, HBOT combined with steroid therapy within two weeks of onset as initial therapy and within one month as salvage therapy 1.

This timing matters. The guideline-supported HBOT pathway is not: try everything else first, then consider HBOT much later. For suitable patients, HBOT should be discussed while the treatment window is still clinically relevant 1.

What Is HBOT and Why Might It Help?

HBOT involves breathing oxygen at increased atmospheric pressure in a hyperbaric chamber. In SSNHL, the rationale is that the cochlea has high oxygen demand and may be vulnerable to reduced oxygenation, vascular compromise or metabolic stress. HBOT is used with the aim of increasing oxygen delivery to inner-ear tissues 2.

HBOT is not a general wellness treatment in this setting. For SSNHL, it is a medical intervention that should be considered within a structured pathway involving urgent audiometry, ENT-led assessment, steroid-based treatment where suitable, and repeat hearing tests to review response 1 2.

Where HBOT Fits With Steroid-Based Treatment

Steroid-based treatment remains central to SSNHL care. Steroids may be given systemically or intratympanically depending on the patient, contraindications, risk profile, local pathway and clinician judgement 1.

The AAO-HNSF guideline separates HBOT and intratympanic steroid salvage. HBOT combined with steroid therapy may be offered within two weeks as initial treatment and within one month as salvage treatment. Intratympanic steroid salvage should be offered or arranged when recovery is incomplete between two and six weeks after onset 1.

What the Evidence Shows

The evidence supports HBOT as a reasonable adjunctive option in selected patients with SSNHL, particularly when it is started early and combined with medical therapy. The evidence is not perfect: study protocols vary, patient populations differ and some studies are retrospective. However, the overall direction of evidence supports HBOT as a time-sensitive adjunctive treatment option 3 4 5 13.

Guideline-Supported Treatment Window

AAO-HNSF Guideline, 2019 1. The guideline states that clinicians may offer HBOT combined with steroid therapy within two weeks of onset as initial therapy. It also states that clinicians may offer HBOT combined with steroid therapy as salvage treatment within one month of onset. Intratympanic steroid salvage is addressed separately and should be offered or arranged when recovery is incomplete between two and six weeks after onset.

Clinical meaning: HBOT should be discussed early. The evidence-supported HBOT window is early treatment, not delayed treatment months later.

Meta-Analyses and Randomised Evidence Supporting Adjunctive HBOT

Rhee et al., 2018 3. This meta-analysis included 19 studies and 2,401 patients. HBOT plus medical therapy was associated with better outcomes than medical therapy alone. The odds ratio for complete hearing recovery was 1.61, and the odds ratio for any hearing recovery was 1.43. Benefit was more pronounced in patients with severe-to-profound baseline hearing loss, in salvage treatment settings, and when total HBOT duration reached at least 1,200 minutes.

Clinical meaning: HBOT is best supported as an adjunctive therapy, particularly in patients with more significant hearing loss and adequate treatment exposure.

Joshua et al., 2022 4. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on prospective randomised controlled trials. It included three randomised trials, with 88 patients in HBOT intervention groups and 62 patients in control groups. HBOT combination treatment was associated with a 10.3 dB greater absolute hearing gain and higher odds of hearing recovery, with an odds ratio of 4.3.

Clinical meaning: Although the number of randomised trials remains modest, the randomised evidence supports adding HBOT to treatment in suitable patients.

Newth et al., 2025 5. This updated review of randomised and pseudo-randomised studies found that HBOT plus steroids increased the chance of improvement compared with steroids alone, with a relative risk of 1.6, and produced a greater mean hearing improvement of 15.6 dB. The authors concluded that there is moderate evidence that HBOT improves hearing when applied up to 30 days after onset.

Clinical meaning: This is an important recent update. It supports HBOT within the first month, especially in combination with oral or intratympanic steroids.

Alter et al., 2025 6. This updated systematic review and meta-analysis found that HBOT combined with medical therapy was associated with higher odds of hearing recovery than medical therapy alone.

Clinical meaning: Recent meta-analytic evidence continues to support adjunctive HBOT as part of a combined SSNHL treatment pathway.

Moghib et al., 2025 7. This meta-analysis evaluated HBOT combined with systemic corticosteroids. It reported improved low-frequency hearing thresholds and increased odds of complete recovery, while also noting high heterogeneity across included studies.

Clinical meaning: The findings support combined therapy but reinforce the need for clear protocols, early treatment and appropriate patient selection.

Timing: Earlier HBOT Appears More Favourable

Alde et al., 2023 14. This preliminary study examined 49 adults with idiopathic SSNHL who received HBOT without concurrent corticosteroids because of contraindications or concerns about side effects. HBOT was started within three days. Complete hearing recovery was reported in 71.4% of patients, and mean hearing threshold improved from 69.8 dB to 31.4 dB.

Clinical meaning: This supports the possibility of HBOT in selected steroid-free cases when treatment starts very early. It should not be used to claim that HBOT routinely replaces steroids where steroids are clinically appropriate.

Wang et al., 2023 8. This retrospective study examined timing of HBOT in idiopathic SSNHL. Hearing improved in 55.7% of patients, and earlier HBOT was associated with greater hearing improvement. Longer delay from symptom onset to HBOT was associated with reduced recovery.

Clinical meaning: This supports early referral. HBOT should not be reserved only as a final option after the most valuable treatment window has passed.

Chen et al., 2025 9. This large retrospective study analysed 505 patients with SSNHL. Systemic steroids plus HBOT were associated with better low-frequency hearing improvement and higher response rates than systemic steroids alone. The study suggested greater benefit in younger patients, those with initial hearing loss greater than 50 dB, lower-frequency involvement, and HBOT started within 11 days.

Clinical meaning: This supports early combined treatment, particularly where baseline hearing loss is clinically significant.

Treatment Intensity and Review Points

Rozbicki et al., 2024 10. This study analysed different HBOT treatment methods in patients with SSNHL. The authors reported statistically significant hearing improvement in patients receiving more than 15 HBOT cycles across most tested frequencies, while delayed treatment beyond 10 days was associated with less consistent improvement.

Clinical meaning: HBOT should start early, and treatment intensity should be planned rather than improvised late in the course.

Laupland et al., 2024 11. This cohort study compared outcomes in patients receiving 10 HBOT sessions with those receiving more than 10 sessions. It found no significant difference in mean hearing gain from treatment 10 to six-week follow-up between the two groups.

Clinical meaning: A repeat audiogram around session 10 can be a useful decision point. Some patients may still require 15 to 20 sessions, but continuation should be based on response, severity, timing, tolerability and clinical judgement.

Salvage HBOT and Selected Subgroups

Lee et al., 2024 12. This study evaluated salvage HBOT in refractory SSNHL after combined steroid therapy. Mean hearing gain was higher in the HBOT group than in controls, and the hearing recovery rate was also higher in the HBOT group.

Clinical meaning: Salvage HBOT can be reasonable when recovery after steroid-based treatment is incomplete, provided the patient remains within the evidence-supported treatment window.

Choi et al., 2024 15. This study focused on severe-to-profound idiopathic SSNHL. Across the overall cohort, HBOT did not show a clear advantage over control treatment. However, in the diabetic subgroup, patients receiving HBOT showed significant hearing improvement compared with controls.

Clinical meaning: This adds nuance. Severe-to-profound hearing loss alone does not guarantee response, but patients with vascular or metabolic risk factors may represent an important subgroup for future research and clinical consideration.

Evidence Quality and Caution

Liu et al., 2024 13. This umbrella review found that most included reviews reported positive results for HBOT in SSNHL, but it also highlighted heterogeneity, risk of bias and generally low certainty across much of the evidence base.

Clinical meaning: The evidence direction is supportive, but claims should remain measured. HBOT is a promising, guideline-supported adjunctive therapy, not a guaranteed cure.

Skarzynski et al., 2023 16. This retrospective comparative study found similar hearing outcomes in patients treated with glucocorticoids plus HBOT and those treated with glucocorticoids alone. The authors highlighted the need for further prospective randomized studies.

Clinical meaning: Overall, these findings sit alongside a broader body of evidence that supports early adjunctive use of HBOT, particularly when combined with steroid-based therapy and delivered within the recommended treatment window.

Practical SSNHL Treatment Pathway

A practical pathway should prioritise speed, confirmation of diagnosis, combined treatment where appropriate and review with repeat audiometry. The exact pathway should be led by the treating clinician, taking into account local services, contraindications, severity and patient preference 1 2.

Day 0-14: Confirm SSNHL and Start Time-Sensitive Care

  • Arrange urgent audiometry and ENT-led assessment to confirm sensorineural hearing loss and exclude conductive causes 1.
  • Consider corticosteroids within two weeks of onset where clinically appropriate 1.
  • Discuss HBOT early as an adjunct to steroid therapy in suitable patients, rather than waiting until the treatment window is nearly closed 1 3 4 5.
  • Do not delay urgent medical assessment while arranging HBOT logistics.

Week 2-6: Review Recovery and Consider Salvage Options

  • If hearing recovery is incomplete, intratympanic steroid salvage may be offered or arranged between two and six weeks after onset 1.
  • HBOT combined with steroid therapy may be considered as salvage treatment within one month of onset 1 5 12.
  • Patients who present late should still be assessed, but the strongest evidence-supported HBOT window is early.

Around Session 10: Repeat Audiogram and Review Response

  • A repeat audiogram around 10 HBOT sessions can help decide whether further HBOT is justified 11.
  • Continuation may be reasonable in selected patients based on response, severity, timing, tolerability and clinical judgement 10 11.
  • If there is no meaningful change, clinicians may reassess whether the expected benefit of continuing outweighs inconvenience, cost and risk 11.

What Patients Should Expect From HBOT

HBOT protocols vary between centres and studies. A commonly described approach is daily treatment at 2.0 to 2.5 atmospheres absolute for about 85 to 90 minutes, often for 10 to 20 treatments depending on response and local protocol 2 14 10 11.

Patients should also understand that SSNHL outcomes vary. Some patients improve substantially, some improve partially and some do not recover despite appropriate treatment. HBOT is best framed as a time-sensitive adjunctive therapy that may improve the chance or degree of recovery in selected patients, not as a guaranteed cure 13 16.

Safety, Suitability and Medical Screening

HBOT requires medical screening. Important considerations include ear-clearing ability, middle-ear pressure symptoms, lung disease, untreated pneumothorax, severe claustrophobia, some medications, diabetes and pregnancy. Suitability should be assessed by an appropriately trained medical doctor with expertise in hyperbaric oxygen treatment2.

Middle-ear barotrauma is one of the most common complications reported with HBOT, and patients should be coached on pressure equalisation and monitored during treatment 2. Patients with diabetes require individualised review because steroid treatment can affect glucose control, and HBOT scheduling may interact with meals and medication timing 2 15.

For patients who cannot take systemic steroids, intratympanic steroids or carefully selected steroid-free HBOT pathways may be discussed by the treating clinician. The Alde et al. study supports the possibility of very early HBOT in selected steroid-free cases, but it does not establish HBOT as a routine replacement for steroids 14.

Final Clinical Takeaway

The evidence supports discussing HBOT early in SSNHL, especially when hearing loss is clinically significant, recovery after steroid therapy is incomplete, or the patient remains within the first-month treatment window. The most accurate position is that HBOT is an evidence-supported adjunct to steroid-based care, not a delayed last resort and not a guaranteed cure 1 3 4 5 13 16.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

SSNHL is a sudden drop in inner-ear or auditory-nerve hearing, often defined as at least 30 dB of hearing loss across three consecutive frequencies within 72 hours 1 2. It is usually idiopathic, meaning no single cause is identified.

Is sudden hearing loss an emergency?

Yes. Sudden hearing loss should be assessed urgently because diagnosis and treatment are time-sensitive. The AAO-HNSF guideline supports early corticosteroid treatment and early consideration of HBOT combined with steroid therapy in suitable patients 1.

Does HBOT work for SSNHL?

The evidence supports HBOT as an adjunctive option in selected patients, especially when combined with medical therapy and started early. Meta-analyses have reported improved hearing outcomes with HBOT plus medical therapy compared with medical therapy alone, but response varies and benefit is not guaranteed 3 4 5 13 16.

When should HBOT be started?

The AAO-HNSF guideline states that HBOT combined with steroid therapy may be offered within two weeks of onset as initial therapy and within one month of onset as salvage therapy 1. Several studies also support earlier HBOT as being associated with better outcomes 8 9 10.

Can HBOT replace steroids?

Usually, no. The evidence is strongest for HBOT as an adjunct to steroid-based treatment. A preliminary study by Alde et al. reported favourable outcomes in selected patients who received very early HBOT without steroids, but this should not be used to claim that HBOT routinely replaces steroids where steroids are clinically appropriate 1 14.

How many HBOT sessions are usually needed?

Protocols vary. A commonly described approach is daily HBOT at 2.0 to 2.5 atmospheres absolute for around 85 to 90 minutes, often for 10 to 20 sessions depending on response 2 14 10 11.

What happens after 10 HBOT sessions?

A repeat audiogram around session 10 can help guide whether continuing is justified. Laupland et al. found no significant difference in mean hearing gain from treatment 10 to six-week follow-up between patients receiving 10 sessions and those receiving more than 10 sessions 11.

Is HBOT useful if steroids have not fully worked?

It can be reasonable as salvage therapy when recovery after steroid-based treatment is incomplete, provided the patient is still within the evidence-supported treatment window. The guideline allows HBOT plus steroid therapy as salvage treatment within one month of onset 1 12.

Who may benefit most from HBOT?

Evidence suggests potential benefit in patients treated early, patients with clinically significant baseline hearing loss and some salvage settings 3 4 5 8 9. Response is variable, and treatment should be individualised.

Does diabetes affect HBOT decisions?

Diabetes requires individualised review because steroid treatment can affect blood glucose and vascular or metabolic factors may influence recovery. Choi et al. found no clear overall HBOT advantage in severe-to-profound SSNHL, but did report significant improvement in the diabetic subgroup receiving HBOT 15.

Is HBOT safe?

HBOT is generally delivered under medical supervision, but it is not risk-free. Middle-ear barotrauma is one of the most common complications, and suitability screening is needed before treatment 2.

Will my hearing fully recover?

Some patients recover fully, some partially and some do not recover despite timely treatment. HBOT may improve the chance or degree of recovery in selected patients, but it should not be presented as a guaranteed cure 13 16.

Medical Disclaimer

This article is for general patient education only and does not replace individual medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Sudden hearing loss should be assessed urgently by an appropriate medical professional. Treatment suitability, including steroids, intratympanic steroids and HBOT, should be determined by the treating clinician based on the individual patient and local clinical pathway.

References

Footnotes

  1. Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161(1_suppl):S1-S45. doi:10.1177/0194599819859885. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819859885 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13 ↩14 ↩15 ↩16 ↩17 ↩18 ↩19 ↩20 ↩21 ↩22 ↩23 ↩24 ↩25 ↩26 ↩27 ↩28 ↩29
  2. Murphy-Lavoie HM, Mutluoglu M. Hyperbaric Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss. In: StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 2023 Jun 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459160/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13
  3. Rhee TM, Hwang D, Lee JS, Park J, Lee JM. Addition of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy vs Medical Therapy Alone for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;144(12):1153-1161. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2133. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2133 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9
  4. Joshua TG, Ayub A, Wijesinghe P, Nunez DA. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;148(1):5-11. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2021.2685. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2021.2685 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10
  5. Newth A, Perleth M, Sherlock S, Romero L, Bennett MH. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss; a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diving Hyperb Med. 2025;55(4):398-406. doi:10.28920/dhm55.4.398-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41364864/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11
  6. Alter IL, Hamiter M, Han J, Leu CS, Usseglio J, Lalwani AK. Hyperbaric Oxygen and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Laryngoscope. Epub 2025 Aug 1. doi:10.1002/lary.32472. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.32472 ↩ ↩2
  7. Moghib K, Dawoud ALA, Altalab G, Syed MS, Salomon I, et al. Evaluating hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an adjunct to corticosteroids in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2025;282(10):5269-5278. doi:10.1007/s00405-025-09372-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-025-09372-2 ↩ ↩2
  8. Wang HH, Chen YT, Chou SF, Lee LC, Wang JH, Lai YH, Chang HT. Effect of the Timing of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Prognosis of Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Biomedicines. 2023;11(10):2670. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102670. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102670 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5
  9. Chen YC, Liu YH, Kang BH, Yao CS, Chen YS, Liu WC. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves the effects of systemic steroid therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Heliyon. 2025;11:e42025. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42025 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5
  10. Rozbicki P, Usowski J, Krzywdzinska S, Jurkiewicz D, Siewiera J. Assessing the Effectiveness of Different Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Methods in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Audiol Res. 2024;14(2):333-341. doi:10.3390/audiolres14020029. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14020029 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7
  11. Laupland BR, Laupland KB, Thistlethwaite K. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a cohort study of 10 versus more than 10 treatments. Diving Hyperb Med. 2024;54(4):275-280. doi:10.28920/dhm54.4.275-280. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39675734/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9
  12. Lee JW, Kim H, Kong SK, Kim J, Choi SW, Oh SJ. The effectiveness of salvage hyperbaric oxygen therapy following combined steroid therapy for refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2024;133(4):400-405. doi:10.1177/00034894231222692. https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894231222692 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4
  13. Liu X, Xu X, Lei Q, Jin X, Deng X, Xie H. Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an umbrella review. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1453055. doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1453055. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1453055 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6
  14. Aldè M, Cantarella G, Piatti G, Ambrosetti U. Sudden hearing loss and early hyperbaric oxygen therapy: A preliminary study. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2023 Second Quarter;50(2):145-153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37302077/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5
  15. Choi Y, Han SJ, Kim SK, Hong SM. The therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with severe to profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Sci Rep. 2024;14:3321. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53978-1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53978-1 ↩ ↩2 ↩3
  16. Skarzynski PH, Kolodziejak A, Gos E, Skarzynska MB, Czajka N, Skarzynski H. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an adjunct to corticosteroid treatment in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1225135. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1225135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1225135 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5